When talking about graphene, we must initially discuss the natural mineral graphite that is extensively present in our daily life.
As an allotrope of carbon, graphite is a split product, and the carbon atoms inside graphite are set up layer by layer. Carbon atoms in the exact same layer “hold hands” and are very closely connected, but the mix of carbon atoms in between different layers is loose, like a pile of playing cards. With a gentle push, the cards will certainly slide apart.
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From the viewpoint of chemical framework, graphite is a transitional crystal between atomic crystals, steel crystals and molecular crystals. In the crystal, carbon atoms in the exact same layer form covalent bonds with sp2 hybridization, each carbon atom is attached to three other carbon atoms, and six carbon atoms form a routine hexagonal ring on the same plane, stretching to develop a sheet structure.
If graphite is a pile of playing cards, then graphene is one of the cards in this stack of playing cards. Graphene is a two-dimensional product made up of a single layer of carbon atoms. Piling graphene layer by layer is graphite. A 1 mm thick graphite contains about 3 million layers of graphene.
Although graphene exists in nature, it is hard to peel off a solitary layer structure.
Greater than twenty years earlier, Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, researchers at the University of Manchester in the UK, believed that there must be a method to get a single layer of graphite.
Exactly how can a single layer of graphite be peeled? Scientists took a really “easy and unrefined” method – sticking it with tape.
“Much like when we create a typo theoretically, we will stick the typo with tape.” Based on this, scientists frankly link that if tape can adhere to the surface of paper, can it additionally stay with layers of graphite?
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In the experiment, scientists stuck both sides of pyrolytic graphite flakes to an unique tape, and tore off the tape, the graphite sheet was divided right into two. Although the thickness of graphite at this time is still much from that of a single layer of graphite, scientists have actually confirmed the feasibility of this approach – each time the tape is made use of, the graphite ends up being thinner. By demanding using this “mechanical peeling method” to repeat the procedure, they finally obtained a thin sheet containing only one layer of carbon atoms, which is graphene.
Nevertheless, this approach of continuously exfoliating graphite sheets with tape to obtain graphene has reduced manufacturing effectiveness and can just be used to prepare micron-thick graphene, and can not be mass-produced industrially.
Later, with the enhancement of clinical and technological degrees, the prep work method of graphene has actually also made fantastic progression. At present, in addition to this standard physical and mechanical peeling approach, there are also numerous approaches for preparing graphene, such as redox technique, solvent exfoliation method, chemical vapor deposition, and so on
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